Title |
Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution
|
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Published in |
Science, November 2014
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DOI | 10.1126/science.1257570 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Bernhard Misof, Shanlin Liu, Karen Meusemann, Ralph S. Peters, Alexander Donath, Christoph Mayer, Paul B. Frandsen, Jessica Ware, Tomáš Flouri, Rolf G. Beutel, Oliver Niehuis, Malte Petersen, Fernando Izquierdo-Carrasco, Torsten Wappler, Jes Rust, Andre J. Aberer, Ulrike Aspöck, Horst Aspöck, Daniela Bartel, Alexander Blanke, Simon Berger, Alexander Böhm, Thomas R. Buckley, Brett Calcott, Junqing Chen, Frank Friedrich, Makiko Fukui, Mari Fujita, Carola Greve, Peter Grobe, Shengchang Gu, Ying Huang, Lars S. Jermiin, Akito Y. Kawahara, Lars Krogmann, Martin Kubiak, Robert Lanfear, Harald Letsch, Yiyuan Li, Zhenyu Li, Jiguang Li, Haorong Lu, Ryuichiro Machida, Yuta Mashimo, Pashalia Kapli, Duane D. McKenna, Guanliang Meng, Yasutaka Nakagaki, José Luis Navarrete-Heredia, Michael Ott, Yanxiang Ou, Günther Pass, Lars Podsiadlowski, Hans Pohl, Björn M. von Reumont, Kai Schütte, Kaoru Sekiya, Shota Shimizu, Adam Slipinski, Alexandros Stamatakis, Wenhui Song, Xu Su, Nikolaus U. Szucsich, Meihua Tan, Xuemei Tan, Min Tang, Jingbo Tang, Gerald Timelthaler, Shigekazu Tomizuka, Michelle Trautwein, Xiaoli Tong, Toshiki Uchifune, Manfred G. Walzl, Brian M. Wiegmann, Jeanne Wilbrandt, Benjamin Wipfler, Thomas K. F. Wong, Qiong Wu, Gengxiong Wu, Yinlong Xie, Shenzhou Yang, Qing Yang, David K. Yeates, Kazunori Yoshizawa, Qing Zhang, Rui Zhang, Wenwei Zhang, Yunhui Zhang, Jing Zhao, Chengran Zhou, Lili Zhou, Tanja Ziesmann, Shijie Zou, Yingrui Li, Xun Xu, Yong Zhang, Huanming Yang, Jian Wang, Jun Wang, Karl M. Kjer, Xin Zhou |
Abstract |
Insects are the most speciose group of animals, but the phylogenetic relationships of many major lineages remain unresolved. We inferred the phylogeny of insects from 1478 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic analyses of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, with site-specific nucleotide or domain-specific amino acid substitution models, produced statistically robust and congruent results resolving previously controversial phylogenetic relations hips. We dated the origin of insects to the Early Ordovician [~479 million years ago (Ma)], of insect flight to the Early Devonian (~406 Ma), of major extant lineages to the Mississippian (~345 Ma), and the major diversification of holometabolous insects to the Early Cretaceous. Our phylogenomic study provides a comprehensive reliable scaffold for future comparative analyses of evolutionary innovations among insects. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 65 | 16% |
Japan | 26 | 6% |
United Kingdom | 26 | 6% |
Canada | 12 | 3% |
Spain | 12 | 3% |
Australia | 10 | 2% |
Brazil | 9 | 2% |
New Zealand | 7 | 2% |
Italy | 6 | 1% |
Other | 57 | 14% |
Unknown | 174 | 43% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 267 | 66% |
Scientists | 117 | 29% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 14 | 3% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 5 | 1% |
Unknown | 1 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 28 | 2% |
Brazil | 20 | 1% |
Germany | 19 | 1% |
Canada | 6 | <1% |
France | 5 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 5 | <1% |
Japan | 4 | <1% |
Sweden | 3 | <1% |
South Africa | 2 | <1% |
Other | 22 | 1% |
Unknown | 1697 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 350 | 19% |
Researcher | 320 | 18% |
Student > Bachelor | 235 | 13% |
Student > Master | 231 | 13% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 88 | 5% |
Other | 304 | 17% |
Unknown | 283 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 995 | 55% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 231 | 13% |
Environmental Science | 89 | 5% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 25 | 1% |
Neuroscience | 21 | 1% |
Other | 110 | 6% |
Unknown | 340 | 19% |